History
In the height of space travel, NASA decided to set up a mission to take pictures of Venus. The planet is always shrouded in a layer of clouds, with an extremely thick carbon dioxide atmosphere. When looking at Venus in visible light, those clouds are all you would see. That said, even a “flyby” would not give a good view of the planet, plus it would take a long time to get there, so it wasn’t feasible for a manned mission. Nevertheless, a mission was set up in March of 1988, for the purpose of “checking it out.” It was announced by NASA that astronauts Walker, Grabe, Lee, Thagard, and Cleave would be the crew of the STS-30 mission to release the Magellan spacecraft for the flight planned for late April 1989. Thagard had flown twice before, on STS-7 in June 1983 and the STS-51B Spacelab 3 mission in April-May 1985. Walker, Grabe, and Cleave had each flown once before, on STS-51A, STS-51J, and STS-61B, respectively. STS-30 would be Lee’s first trip into space. Walker and Thagard joined NASA in the astronaut class of 1978, Grabe and Cleave joined in 1980, and Lee in 1984. The mission would take four days, during which they would deploy Magellan and its Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) on the first flight day. There was a 29-day window for the deployment of Magellan, as dictated by the alignments of Venus and Earth to achieve the proper trajectory for the journey to its destination. Once it was released, their job, as far as Magellan was essentially over.
STS-30 lifted off on May 4, 1989, utilizing space shuttle Atlantis, which was on its third space flight. Of course, STS-30 lifted off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Its five-person crew included Commander David M Walker, Pilot Ronald J Grabe, and Mission Specialists Mark C Lee, Norman E Thagard, and Mary L Cleave. They flew a four-day mission that deployed the Magellan spacecraft, which was then managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, to study Venus. This mission would unite NASA’s human and interplanetary spaceflight programs. It also marked the first US planetary launch since 1978. The astronauts successfully deployed Magellan and its upper stage on their first day in space, sending the spacecraft off on its 15-month journey to Venus. I can imagine that it was an exciting venture for them.
Once Magellan arrived at the cloud-shrouded planet, it spent four years mapping Venus in unprecedented detail. The mission vastly increased human knowledge of the planet. The Magellan spacecraft arrived at Venus on August 10, 1990. Using radar imaging, Magellan began its primary goal of mapping the surface of Venus. The radar imaging was able to “peek” through the thick clouds which made visual observation difficult. While there, Magellan made the first global map of the surface of Venus and global maps of the planet’s gravity field. It was inserted into a near-polar elliptical orbit and continued its mission for several years. After its journey to Venus, the Magellan spacecraft, finally arrived at Venus in 1990. It then made the first global map of the surface of Venus as well as global maps of the planet’s gravity field. NASA was quite surprised at the findings 
Magellan produced, including the fact that it had a relatively young planetary surface that was probably formed by lava flows from planet-wide volcanic eruptions. After completing its four-year flight mission, NASA deliberately plunged the Magellan spacecraft to the surface of Venus in October 1994 to gather data on the planet’s atmosphere before it ceased operations. It marked the first time an operating planetary spacecraft had been intentionally crashed.
If I told you about a snowstorm on Lake Michigan, you would very likely say, “Ok…what is so unusual about that?” Most often, you would be right. Snow squalls and icing on Lake Michigan, as well as the other Great Lakes is a common event every Winter. The Great Lakes generally attract the snow due to the fact that they tend to have almost their own weather patterns. It’s a phenomenon called lake-effect snow. “Lake-effect snow is produced during cooler atmospheric conditions when a cold air mass moves across long expanses of warmer lake water. The lower layer of air, heated by the lake water, picks up water vapor from the lake and rises through colder air. The vapor then freezes and is deposited on the leeward (downwind) shores.” Anyone who has lived near the Great Lakes, knows that “lake-effect snow” usually means much deeper accumulations and colder weather than many other places in the United States. Amazingly, the people of the Great Lakes region usually just embrace the weather and get out there to have fun, even holding festivals from time to time. My sister, Cheryl Masterson and I were for a short time in our childhood and got to attend the ice festivals while living in Superior, Wisconsin. While we don’t remember much of it, the pictures our parents took are a nice memory for us, even if it is one that we only heard about from our parents. Cheryl might remember those things, but I was pretty young at the time.
Of course, most of us have seen weather events that are out of the normal everyday events. It can happen just about anywhere in the world, and when it does, you find yourself thinking, “Well, that was odd!!” I remember in 1975 on the 4th of July (easily remembered because my daughter, Corrie Petersen was born on June 30, and so we were at home that July 4th) that for a brief time, it snowed in Casper, Wyoming. It was an odd enough event for it to stick in my mind. Nevertheless, weather phenomena are possible in any location in the world, at any time of the year.
That fact became abundantly clear in 1882, when another remarkable event occurred. This one on Lake Michigan…was an August snowstorm. According to the available reports, a thick cloud burst over the decks of a ship traveling on the lake, and it blanketed them with snow and slush. The snow and slush reached an accumulated depth of six inches. The ship wasn’t the only August snow location that day either. In addition, 
snow showers were observed at shore points that same day. It was quite an unexpected weather phenomenon for the summer, and especially for August, which tends to be typically one of the hottest months of the year, coming in just slightly below July in Michigan. While it can happen, most snow and ice come in the depths of the winter. Still, I’ll bet it was an event the crew of that ship talked about for a long time and remembered for the rest of their lives.
Sometimes, towns get their names in unusual ways. That is exactly how the town, now ghost town of Bayhorse, Idaho got its name. In the Yankee Mining District, about 40 miles east of what would later become the boom towns of Bonanza and Custer City. Bayhorse was founded, a bit unconventionally in 1864, when a few small gold veins were found, and a small camp began. That all seems normal for gold strikes, but from that came an unusual tale of how the settlement came by its name. The most popular story is that area prospectors met a miner digging between Clayton and Challis with the help of two bay horses. That doesn’t seem unusual either, but when asked who the miner was, they couldn’t remember the name, so they said, “The man with the bay horses.” The name stuck.
The actual date of the founding of Bayhorse is recorded as 1877, although active development of the town did 
not begin until 1880. While Bayhorse stared out as a gold mining town, the gold was really not the mainstay of the town. Though prospectors continued to comb the area for the next several years, sometimes finding small amounts of gold, it wasn’t until 1872 that the Bayhorse area began to attract numerous miners. Then, three men by the names of WA Norton, Robert Beardsley, and JB Hood discovered a rich vein of silver, and the focus of the town shifted.
In 1882, the town increased its smelting capabilities, and soon began producing $300,000 worth of silver over the course of the year. That figures out to $9,240,441.18, in 2024. The town had grown to 300 residents by 1885, and the town had a mill, three stores, a hotel, a restaurant, a meat market, a lodging house, and five saloons. I always find the number of saloons to be rather comical, though common. That same year, the town built a refinery, which allowed the mining industry to issue silver bars. By 1900, the town had extracted over 
$10 million in total ores, including silver, lead, and copper. That amounts to $308,014,705.88 today.
In 1976, the entire community was added to the National Register of Historic Places, making it officially a ghost town. In 2006, the town property was purchased by the state of Idaho and opened to the public in 2009 as part of the Land of the Yankee Fork State Park. The ghost town has several preserved ruins of houses and mining equipment that are still visible on the main dirt street. There are also charcoal kilns that are still intact, that were used to make charcoal to smelt the ore from the mines. In all, it’s an interesting little old ghost town.
The Abenaki people were a tribe of Indians with a number of names…or at least meanings for their names. They were also known as the Abnaki, which was pronounced OBB-uh-nah-kee. This people spoke Algonquian, and called themselves Alnôbak, which meant “Real People.” That was probably the closest to describing the actual essence of the people. Another version of their name was Abenaki, which means “people of the dawn.” The Abenaki were a linguistic and geographic grouping, rather than a single tribe, which would explain the various meanings of their tribal name. The Abenaki people were made up of numerous smaller bands and tribes who shared many cultural traits. The Abenaki people called their homeland Ndakinna, which meant “our land” and extended across most of northern New England, southern Quebec, and the southern Canadian Maritimes.
While the Abenaki people included a number of tribes, they were classified into two geographic groups, the Western Abenaki and the Eastern Abenaki. The Eastern Abenaki population was concentrated in portions of New Brunswick, Canada, and in Maine, east of New Hampshire’s White Mountains. Some of these tribes included the Kennebec, Maliseet, Penobscot, Ossipee, Mi’kmaq, and the Passamaquoddy. The Western Abenaki lived in the Connecticut River Valley in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Some of those tribes included the Pennacook, Pequawket, Sokoki, and Winnipesaukee.
Before the entrance of the Europeans, the Abenaki (excluding the Pennacook and Mi’kmaq) were estimated to have numbered approximately 40,000 people. Unfortunately, when they came in contact with the Europeans they were exposed to numerous diseases and ailments such as typhus, influenza, smallpox, diphtheria, and measles, and with no prior immunity to these things, these outbreaks often resulted in a 75% mortality among the tribes.
Those things didn’t slow down the immigration, and as the settlers continued to populate New England, many 
of the Abenaki retreated north into Quebec, Canada. The ones who stayed decided to join with the Wabanaki Confederacy to fight the European encroachment upon their lands. This brought them into a total of six Indian Wars, including King Philip’s War from 1675 to 1678, King William’s War from 1688 to 1697, Queen Anne’s War from 1702 to 1713, Lovewell’s War from 1722 to 1725, King George’s War from 1744 to 1748, and the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1763. These long years of war and disease, took a heavy toll of the Abenaki people, leaving less than 1,000 Abenaki remaining after the American Revolution. The descendants of those 1,000 Abenaki people live on two reservations in Quebec and are scattered around New England.
The mission began on July 29, 1953. The B-50 Superfortress piloted by Captain Stanley K O’Kelley had a total of seventeen crewmembers aboard. Its mission was a reconnaissance flight over North Korea. It took off from Honshu, Japan. As the plane headed out across the Sea of Japan, on its way to North Korea, it was intercepted and shot down by a pair of MiG-17s (or possibly MiG-15s) piloted by two Soviet pilots (Yablonskiy and Rybakov), south of Askold Island near Vladivostok. They immediately opened fire, and quickly shot down B-50 Superfortress number 15830. The plane crashed into the Sea of Japan. Amazingly, there was one survivor, and unfortunately, the rest of the crew died in the crash.
Captain John Ernst Roche was that survivor, and when it became known that the bomber had failed to return, a search was started. It was thought that some of the other crew might have survived, and life rafts were dropped, but no one else was saved in the end. It was thought that at least four of them (and possibly more) were seen sitting in the raft. Also seen were nine Soviet PT-type boats in the area and at least six of them were heading to the location where debris from the aircraft was later discovered. A Soviet trawler was also spotted in the approximate area. Knowing that, I suppose any of the other survivors were killed. The United States conducted a thorough search of the area by air and sea and was assisted by an Australian ship near the crash site. The search was halted due to dense fog and approaching darkness, and the search was resumed on the morning of July 30, 1953. Captain John Roche, co-pilot of the plane, was wounded but survived the crash by holding onto pieces of the wreckage. He was finally picked up by the Navy ship USS Picking in the early morning hours of July 30, 1953, after floating in the Sea of Japan for about 22 hours. Unfortunately, no other survivors were found. The bodies of Captain Stanley O’Kelley and Master Sergeant Francis Brown were later recovered along the coast of Japan. The remaining 14 members of the crew, which included Robert Stalnaker, were never found. The crew members were First Lieutenant Frank E Beyer (MIA), Master Sergeant Francis L Brown (body recovered), First Lieutenant Edmund J Czyc (MIA), Staff Sergeant Donald W Gabree, (MIA), Airman First Class Roland E Goulet (status unknown), Staff Sergeant Donald G Hill (MIA), First Lieutenant James G Keith (KIA), Captain Stanley K O’Kelley (body recovered), Airman Second Class Earl W Radelin Jr (MIA), Captain John E Roche (rescued the next day on July 30, 1953), Airman Second Class, Charles J Russell (MIA), First Lieutenant Warren J Sanderson (MIA), First Lieutenant Robert E Stalnaker (MIA), Major Francisco J Tejeda (MIA), Captain John C Ward (MIA), First Lieutenant Lloyd C Wiggins (MIA), and Airman Second Class James E Woods (MIA).
The B50 Superfortress number 47-145 (Manufacture Number 15830) was built by Boeing. It was delivered to the US Air Force (USAF) as B-50B-50-BO Superfortress serial number 47-145. So that the bomber could be 
used as a spy plane, it was modified as RB-50G ELINT with additional radar and B-50D type nose, sometimes also referred to as RB-50D. It was then assigned as a spy plane, to the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (91st SRS) based at Yokato AFB. It was working in that capacity when it was shot down.
Following their service in World War I, veterans were given a veterans’ bonus certificates…basically an I.O.U. from the government. When the Great Depression hit, and many veterans were out of work, the certificates became essentially worthless…at least for the time being. That was unacceptable to the veterans, who had been promised a bonus, and now they really needed it.
As you would expect, telling people that the money they need today, will be coming to them down the road…eventually, is not going to go over well. In May, the so-called “Bonus Expeditionary Force,” a group of some 1,000 World War I veterans seeking cash payments for their veterans’ bonus certificates arrived in Washington DC. These men were unemployed and desperate. So began the protests by the “Bonus Marchers.” Most of the marchers were in 
financial straits, and they were either going to get paid, or they were going to go under. That was unacceptable for these loyal veterans, who felt that they were getting a bum deal. In June, more veteran groups spontaneously made their way to the nation’s capital, bringing the Bonus Marchers to nearly 20,000 strong. They were camping in vacant government buildings and in open fields made available by District of Columbia Police Chief Pelham D Glassford. The Bonus Marchers were demanding passage of the veterans’ payment bill introduced by Representative Wright Patman, and they wanted it passed now.
To their credit, the veterans conducted themselves in an orderly and peaceful fashion as they waited for the vote. Finally, on June 15 the Patman bill passed in the House of Representatives. Unfortunately, two days later, it was defeated in the Senate, and the marchers were furious. They refused to leave the area. The government was trying to defuse the situation and clear the area, so they agreed to provide money for the protesters’ trip home, but 2,000 protesters refused 
the offer and continued to protest. Then, on July 28, President Herbert Hoover ordered the army to evict them forcibly. It was an order that would not end well. General MacArthur’s men set the protesters’ camps on fire, and the veterans were forced to leave the city. Hoover was increasingly regarded as insensitive to the needs of the nation’s many poor. He was strongly criticized by the public and press for the severity of his response.
The 2024 Summer Olympic games officially opened yesterday in Paris. There were a number of great entries in the parade, and as always, the Torch Relay did not disappoint. I think my favorite person in the relay was Kevin Piette…the 36-year-old man, who had been paralyzed from the waist down since he was 11 years old, was in an exoskeleton unit, and he was actually able to walk!! What a thrilling moment that must have been for him!! He looked beyond happy!!
The Olympics have changed over the many years since they began. The first Olympics was in took place from April 6–15, 1896 in Athens, Greece. The athletes in those first games actually competed in the nude. In the ancient Olympic Games in Greece, athletes competed in the nude as homage to supreme god Zeus in celebration of manhood, strength, physique, and dominant status. Ok, well whatever, but I think it’s much better to wear clothes…especially in such a public place.
The events in the Olympics have changed a lot through the years too. From 1912 to 1948, the Olympic Games actually held competitions in the fine arts. Medals were given for literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, 
and music. The only stipulation was that the art created was required to be Olympic-themed. Ok, easy enough, if it allows you to compete. Sports like croquet, cricket, Jeu de Paume (the original tennis), Lacross, motor boating, Pelota (a type of racquetball), polo, roque, rackets, and even tug-of-war, found their way into the famed event. I suppose the idea was to include as many groups as possible for the purpose of inclusion.
The Olympic games are divided into three separate events. The Winter Olympics, the Summer Olympics, and the three-year-old Paralympic Games. Being a summer person, I prefer the Summer Olympics, but there are events I like in the Winter Olympics too. If it were possible to combine the two, there would not be enough time to get all the events in. Of course, that isn’t really possible anyway, because of the need for very different 
weather for some events. This year’s Summer Olympics are being held now in Paris, France and started yesterday, July 26, 2024. They will wrap up on August 11, 2024. The Winter Olympics will take place in Milan and Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy, February 6, 2026, and wrapping up on February 22, 2026. The Paralympic Games will take place in Milan and Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy, opening on March 6, 2026, and wrapping up on March 15, 2026. The Olympics has something for everyone.
Kirk Bloodsworth was a 23-year-old ex-Marine in 1984, when 9-year-old Dawn Hamilton was brutally raped and beaten to death with a rock. She was then left in a wooded area of Rosedale, Maryland, near her home. The crime was so horrific that it was hard to fathom, but as terrible as it was, there was going to be another victim of this crime.
During the investigation, witnesses recalled a suspicious man in the area where Miss Hamilton was brutally murdered. A police sketch was publicized on television and in newspapers. An anonymous caller identified Kirk Bloodsworth as the man in the sketch two weeks later. Bloodsworth had been in Baltimore, which is close to Rosedale, at the time of Hamilton’s murder. Later, he returned to his home in Cambridge and told friends that he had done something that would harm his marriage. He never said what he had done. Of course, that wouldn’t really matter if he were convicted of rape and murder. His wife would move on.
Once charged, the prosecutors accused Bloodsworth of murder with little evidence other than the witnesses saying he might have been the suspicious man in the area. During the trial in 1985, the defense presented several witnesses who said that they were with Bloodsworth at the time of the murder. Their testimonies made no difference. Completely disregarding his alibi, the jury convicted Bloodsworth and sent him to death row.
Bloodsworth never confessed, and in fact, maintained his innocence for the next seven years, while in prison. During those seven years, DNA testing came of age, and since the police had kept the evidence in the Hamilton murder, namely her underwear with a spot of semen, smaller than a dime, it was available when science finally progressed to the point where this small amount of physical evidence could be tested. Eventually, Bloodsworth’s attorneys were granted permission to test the semen spot. It was sent to Forensic Science Associates, a private California laboratory, and in a shocking revelation, they found that it did not match Bloodsworth’s DNA. For seven years, an innocent man had been on death row, for a crime he did not commit.
After the FBI’s crime lab confirmed this test, prosecutors in Baltimore County had no choice but to release Bloodsworth. Still, they refused to apologize to Bloodsworth. On June 28, 1993, nine years after first going to jail, Kirk Bloodsworth was released. He was officially pardoned later in the year. In 2003, nearly a decade after Bloodsworth’s release, prisoner DNA evidence added to state and federal databases resulted in a match to the real killer, Kimberly Shay Ruffner. Ironically, a month after the 1984 murder, Ruffner had been sentenced to 45 years for an unrelated burglary, attempted rape, and assault with intent to murder. He had been incarcerated in a cell one floor below Bloodsworth’s own cell. In a 2009 guest lecture at Florida Atlantic University, Bloodsworth said that he and Ruffner sometimes spotted each other during workouts, but of course, Bloodsworth had no idea who Ruffner was. Because of the new evidence, Ruffner was charged in Maryland for the rape and murder of Dawn Hamilton. In 2004 he pleaded guilty to the 1984 murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Justice was finally served for Dawn Hamilton.
For Bloodsworth, life began anew. Bloodsworth was the first death row inmate in the country to be exonerated 
based on DNA evidence. Initially, he received $300,000 for his wrongful conviction from the Maryland Board of Public Works in 1994, the year after he was released from prison and pardoned by Governor William Donald Schaefer (D). Then, in 2021, based on the new payment formula, Bloodsworth’s total compensation amount was adjusted to $721,237.40. The administrative judge decided to subtract the $300,000 Bloodsworth received 27 years ago, leaving him with $421,237.40 in supplemental compensation. Bloodsworth’s attorney stated, “It can’t erase his pain and suffering, but it will help him move forward with his life.” No one wants to have a wrongful conviction, but it happens, so it’s good Bloodsworth was compensated for this horrific injustice.
Believed to have originated in the early 1400s, the Voynich Manuscript is an ancient text that still baffles scientists. The manuscript is hand-written in an unknown language that has been carbon-dated to roughly 1404 – 1438. While hundreds of cryptographers and master codebreakers have tried to decipher it over the years, none have as yet succeeding in grasping the meaning or origin of this strange manuscript. Most ancient languages have been either known or deciphered, so to find one that simply can’t be broken, is…stunning.
Because they have no other name for the language, the Voynich manuscript and its strange writing system is referred to as ‘Voynichese’ these days. It is written on vellum (fine parchment paper), and stylistic analysis indicates it may have been composed in Italy during the Italian Renaissance. Of course, as with any mystery, the origins, authorship, and purpose of the manuscript are much debated. There have been many theories concerning the text, including, “an otherwise unrecorded script for a natural language or constructed 
language; an unread code, cypher or other cryptography; or simply a meaningless hoax.” The idea of a meaningless hoax, strikes me as odd, considering the documented carbon dating of the manuscript, but everybody has a right to their own opinion.
The manuscript, as it was found, contains around 240 pages, but it looks as if some pages might be missing. There are some oddities, such as the fact that some pages are foldable sheets of varying size. Most of the pages have “fantastical illustrations or diagrams, some crudely colored, with sections of the manuscript showing people, 
fictitious plants, astrological symbols etc.” Whatever language this was, the people read from left to right like we do in English. For the purpose of identification, the manuscript is named after Wilfrid Voynich, a Polish book dealer who purchased it in 1912. Seeing the value of the manuscript, it ws decided that it should be held in Yale University’s Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, where it has been since 1969.
While the Voynich manuscript has been studied by many professional and amateur cryptographers, including American and British codebreakers from both World War I and World War II, it has never been demonstrably deciphered, and none of the many hypotheses proposed over the last hundred years has been independently verified. To this day the mystery of its meaning and origin has remained just that…a mystery, and very likely it always will be. It is my thought that this was an obscure and long-lost language, possibly a journal of some sort, but then, you guess is as good as mine.
There have been times in the history of our nation, when peace seemed to reign in the land, and then there have been times, when chaos was the word of the day. in 1967, chaos was definitely the word of the day…in Detroit, Michigan, anyway. In 1967, Detroit was a city that was struggling economically, and racially. During that time, vice squad raids, looking for illegal drinking establishments in the city’s poorer neighborhoods were common, and people were in a state of high irritation.
During one particular raid that occurred at 3:35am on Sunday morning, July 23, 1967, the Detroit Police Department moved in against a club that was hosting a party for returning Vietnam War veterans. The early-morning police activity angered a crowd of onlookers, and before long, the situation became explosive. Before long, thousands of people had rushed out onto the street from nearby buildings. The crown began throwing rocks and bottles at the police, who quickly fled the scene. Getting rid of the police, however, didn’t resolve the situation. The crowd began looting on 12th Street, where the club was located, and a number of shops and businesses were completely trashed!!
By sunrise, fires began breaking out and before long, the whole street was on fire. By midmorning, the police were finally called back to the scene, but controlling the crowd proved to be a major struggle. Unfortunately, getting the situation under control proved to be much more difficult than getting it started. The rioting continued all week, in the end, the US Army and the National Guard were called in to stop the worst of it. Five days later, when the bloodshed, burning, and looting ended, 43 people were dead and many more were seriously injured. In all, approximately 1,400 buildings had been burned or ransacked.
Crowds can quickly get out of control, but sometimes the fault lies equally between crowds and police. In this case, the Detroit Police Department was run directly by the mayor, and prior to the riot, Mayor Cavanagh’s appointees, George Edwards and Ray Girardin, worked for reform. Edwards even tried to recruit and promote black police officers in an effort to help quell racial tensions, but in what might be his biggest mistake, he refused to establish a civilian police review board, which the African American population had requested. He was trying to discipline police officers accused of brutality, and in doing so, he turned the police department’s rank-and-file against him. Many whites perceived his policies as “too soft on crime.” The Community Relations Division of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission, in a study in 1965 of the police, which was published in 1968, claimed the “police system” was at fault for racism. They blamed the police system was blamed for recruiting “bigots” and reinforcing bigotry through the department’s “value system.” President Johnson’s Kerner 
Commission conducted a survey that found that prior to the riot, 45 percent of police working in black neighborhoods were “extremely anti-Negro” and an additional 34 percent were “prejudiced.” I suppose some might say that the fault of the riot was the police, but to a degree, they were doing their jobs too. Maybe it was the way the did it, and the fact that they ran when it got out of hand. Whatever the case may be, the outcome was horrific.
